Invest Smarter: 7 Expert-Backed Analysis Methods to Protect Your Money

My years as a financial writer studying market behaviors have shown how cognitive biases can substantially affect investment decisions.

Did you know that venture capitalists often make million-dollar investment decisions in less than 15 seconds? This reality expresses why proper investment analysis is significant in today’s ever-changing financial world.

My years as a financial writer studying market behaviors have shown how cognitive biases can substantially affect investment decisions. Even experienced investors make snap judgments instead of using proven analysis techniques.

These 7 expert-backed investment analysis methods draw from time-tested principles like Benjamin Graham’s “margin of safety” concept. The techniques will help you make informed decisions and avoid getting pricey mistakes in 2025 when you evaluate stocks, real estate using the Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM), or learn about other investment opportunities.

Fundamental Analysis Framework: The Foundation of Smart Investing

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“The stock market is filled with individuals who know the price of everything but the value of nothing.” — Philip Fisher, Renowned investor, author of ‘Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits’

Fundamental analysis is the life-blood of smart investing that provides a well-laid-out approach to evaluate investment opportunities. My years of analyzing market trends have shown that successful investment decisions come from a deep understanding of financial metrics and industry dynamics.

Key Financial Ratios to Analyze

The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is a basic indicator of stock value that shows how much investors will pay for each dollar of earnings ^[1]. It also uses the price/earnings-to-growth (PEG) ratio to give you the complete view of growth prospects. Stocks with values below 1 are generally undervalued ^[1].

Capital-intensive industries need special attention to the price-to-book (P/B) ratio. Companies trading above 1 suggest a premium to book value ^[1]. The debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio helps assess financial health, and investors usually prefer values below 1 ^[1].

Industry Analysis Components

A complete industry analysis includes several significant elements. The relationship between business variables and industry trends creates competitive advantages ^[2]. Industry forecasts help verify methods and identify potential investment opportunities ^[2].

The industry life cycle stage – from embryonic to declining – determines investment potential ^[2]. Porter’s Five Forces help assess:

• Competitive rivalry intensity
• Threat of new entrants
• Bargaining power of suppliers and buyers
• Threat of substitute products ^[3]

Company Management Evaluation

Management evaluation needs multiple angles of analysis. My focus stays on the executive team’s education, work experience, and achievements ^[2]. Quarterly conference calls are a great way to get insights into management’s decisions and confidence levels ^[2].

Corporate governance policies matter, especially board composition and stakeholder rights ^[2]. Management’s compensation and insider buying patterns often reveal their confidence in the company’s future ^[2].

Market Position Assessment

Market position combines both numbers and qualitative factors. The experience curve shows that production costs drop as output rises due to economies of scale ^[2]. Demographic, macroeconomic, governmental, social, and technological factors help predict industry development ^[2].

Strategic group analysis adds context by finding entities with similar business models in the same industry ^[2]. To cite an instance, low-cost carriers form a strategic group in the airline industry and need different evaluation metrics ^[2].

My investment analysis experience shows that good fundamental analysis needs constant monitoring and adjustments. These frameworks in your investment strategy will give you the tools to spot promising opportunities and avoid pitfalls in today’s ever-changing market environment.

Quantitative Investment Analysis Tools for Modern Markets

Quantitative investment analysis has revolutionized modern markets. It turns raw data into actionable insights through mathematical models and computational techniques. My close tracking of investment trends shows these tools improve portfolio performance and cut down human error in decision-making.

Advanced Technical Indicators

Technical analysis now goes far beyond simple chart patterns. The Ichimoku Cloud, a sophisticated indicator, has five distinct lines that give complete market insights ^[4]. The Tenkan Sen tracks short-term trends while the Kijun Sen shows longer-term momentum ^[5]. The space between Senkou Span A and B creates the Cloud, which shows significant support and resistance levels.

Bollinger Bands prove powerful by using standard deviation to track price volatility. Market conditions make these bands expand or contract, which helps spot potential breakout points ^[4]. The Heiken Ashi technique draws candlesticks differently to smooth out price action. This lets investors stay in trends longer without getting thrown off by small price moves ^[4].

Machine Learning Models in Investment Analysis

Machine learning in investment analysis has hit a tipping point. Almost half of quantitative investors now use AI in their processes ^[2]. The numbers tell the story – 10% use it extensively, and 29% apply it specifically to develop and test strategies ^[2].

Machine learning algorithms shine at:

• Finding complex patterns in big datasets
• Making quick, emotion-free trading decisions
• Spotting fraud through anomaly detection
• Adjusting portfolio allocation based on real-time market conditions ^[6]

ML-based return prediction algorithms have sparked a transformation in quantitative investment models in markets of all sizes ^[2]. These models beat traditional linear approaches when predicting cross-sectional equity returns ^[2]. The algorithms’ effectiveness depends heavily on their data’s quality and quantity ^[2].

Backtesting Methodologies

Backtesting is the life-blood of proving investment strategies right before risking real money. A solid backtest shows how well a trading strategy would have worked with past data ^[7]. Success in backtesting needs careful attention to several vital factors.

A good backtest must:

1. Use data from different market conditions
2. Factor in all trading costs, even tiny ones
3. Count companies that went bankrupt or got liquidated
4. Test strategies on fresh data ^[7]

Backtesting gives valuable insights, but watch out for biases. Optimization bias happens when traders tweak parameters until past performance looks great ^[7]. Look-ahead bias sneaks in when future data affects current decisions ^[7].

Here’s how to keep biases in check:

• Test strategies across multiple time periods
• Use point-in-time data to avoid survivorship bias
• Run forward performance tests
• Stick to system rules during testing ^[7]

High-quality data forms the foundations of any quantitative investment strategy. This includes historical prices, financial statements, economic indicators, and alternative data sources ^[8]. These strategies can process huge amounts of data at once and analyze many investment opportunities ^[8]. Best of all, quantitative methods’ consistency and objectivity reduce emotional investment decisions ^[8].

Risk-Return Analysis Using Modern Portfolio Theory

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Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) has transformed the way investors handle the balance between risk and return. My experience as an investment writer who studies portfolio strategies has shown me how MPT’s principles help investors make smarter investment choices.

Portfolio Diversification Metrics

MPT’s life-blood is its all-encompassing approach to diversification. The diversification ratio measures portfolio efficiency by comparing weighted average asset volatilities to overall portfolio volatility ^[9]. Portfolio entropy measures how weights spread across different assets, and higher entropy shows more balanced diversification ^[10].

Asset correlation plays a vital role in diversification. Two assets with a 1.0 correlation move exactly together, while those with -1.0 correlation move in opposite directions ^[4]. To cite an instance, mixing assets that have negative correlations, like U.S. treasuries and small-cap stocks, helps reduce portfolio volatility ^[11].

The efficient frontier shows the best combinations of assets that give the highest expected return for specific risk levels ^[12]. Portfolios below this curve don’t work well – they either carry too much risk for the predicted return or too little return for the risk taken ^[13].

Risk Adjustment Techniques

Risk adjustment techniques are the foundations of modern portfolio management. Standards require these adjustments to show compensation for handling uncertainty tied to non-financial risks ^[9]. My analysis reveals four main ways to calculate risk adjustments:

1. Cost of capital approach
2. Value at risk approach
3. Scenario value at risk approach
4. Margin for adverse deviation approach ^[9]

Risk capital calculations add up combined risk requirements for risk pairs, with confidence levels set at the 99.5th percentile ^[9]. This method gives a full picture of portfolio risk assessment and management.

Expected Return Calculations

Expected return calculations serve as the foundation for portfolio optimization. Portfolio returns come from the weighted sum of individual asset returns ^[11]. Take a two-asset portfolio split 50-50 – if one asset returns 12% and another 9%, you’d see a 10.5% annual expected return ^[4].

Portfolio variance looks at:

• Individual asset weights
• Standard deviation of each asset
• Correlation coefficient between assets ^[4]

Risk-averse investors form the basis of MPT – they want higher returns for the same risk level ^[12]. These investors only take on extra risk when they see the potential for better returns ^[12].

Real-life applications show risk-adjusted returns give valuable insights, though they have limits. Most models assume normal distribution of asset returns, but markets often behave differently with ‘fat tails’ and skewness ^[4]. This reality means we need to be careful when applying theory to actual investment decisions.

ETFs have made MPT more relevant by giving investors easier access to different types of assets ^[11]. A stock investor can boost portfolio efficiency by putting some money in government bond ETFs, taking advantage of how these assets move opposite to each other ^[11].

Expected returns matter for several key reasons:

• Risk assessment and portfolio building
• Setting goals that match financial objectives
• Measuring performance against standards
• Making smart investment choices ^[4]

Behavioral Investment Analysis Techniques

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“The stock market is the story of cycles and of the human behavior that is responsible for overreactions in both directions.” — Seth Klarman, Billionaire investor, founder of Baupost Group

The success of investment analysis depends on how well we understand human behavior in financial markets. My experience in analyzing market trends shows that emotions drive investment decisions more than rational thinking.

Market Sentiment Indicators

Market sentiment shows how investors collectively feel about specific securities or the entire market. Bullish sentiment typically shows up as rising prices, while bearish sentiment appears as falling prices ^[5]. The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), known as the fear index, is a vital sentiment indicator. Markets show potential bottoms when VIX levels are high, while market peaks might appear when levels are low ^[5].

The high-low index gives another way to learn about market conditions by comparing stocks at 52-week highs versus lows. The market shows bearish sentiment when readings drop below 30, while values above 70 point to bullish conditions ^[5]. The Bullish Percent Index (BPI) tracks stocks with bullish patterns, and neutral markets usually show about 50% bullish readings ^[5].

Crowd Psychology Patterns

Markets show crowd psychology through herding behavior. Even rational people can get caught up in emotions when everyone around them acts the same way ^[14]. Research shows that 5% of informed investors can shape the decisions of the remaining 95%, which proves how powerful group behavior can be ^[2].

People fear missing opportunities more than losing their savings ^[14]. This mindset creates:

• Market bubbles when optimism runs high
• Panic selling in downturns
• Price movements that make no sense based on fundamentals

Social media now plays a big role in shaping market sentiment. A viral post or trending hashtag about a company can quickly change public opinion and the stock price ^[5]. Technology and consumer discretionary stocks tend to react more to these sentiment changes than stable sectors like utilities ^[5].

Emotional Bias Detection

Emotional biases often hurt investment returns. Loss aversion makes investors feel the pain of losses more than the joy of equal gains ^[6]. This leads them to keep losing investments too long or sell winners too early because they’re scared ^[15].

Overconfidence makes investors think they’re better at analyzing data or reading company reports than they really are ^[6]. This often means they:

• Miss warning signs in negative information
• Trade too much
• Stick with bad investments because they won’t admit they’re wrong

Investors can curb these biases by setting clear exit strategies and looking at investments based on current market conditions instead of purchase prices ^[2]. Regular portfolio checks and systematic reviews help keep emotions out of decisions ^[15].

My market behavior analysis shows that the best investors know their emotional weak spots and work to overcome them. They make better decisions by mixing technical indicators with market psychology understanding, balancing both data and human behavior patterns.

Comparative Analysis Methods for Market Opportunities

Peer comparison is a powerful tool that investment analysts use to uncover insights beyond raw numbers. My experience analyzing market opportunities shows that comparative analysis helps discover hidden investment gems that casual observers often miss.

Peer Group Analysis

A strong peer group analysis compares companies with similar traits to ensure an apples-to-apples evaluation ^[16]. The process looks at businesses that share comparable:

• Business activities
• Market needs
• Cost structures
• Access to capital ^[17]

This approach works best when spotting valuation anomalies among stocks ^[16]. To cite an instance, relative valuation among peers quickly shows which stocks might be overvalued and which could make promising additions to a portfolio ^[16].

Sector Performance Metrics

Sector analysis requires attention to multiple performance indicators. Companies with higher sales compatibility make more meaningful comparisons ^[17]. These key metrics need careful review:

1. Revenue and earnings growth rates
2. Profit margins across operations
3. Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA)
4. Operating efficiency indicators ^[7]

Operating margin is a vital indicator that shows a company’s profitability from core business operations ^[7]. Higher operating margins often point to better cost management and stronger pricing power compared to industry peers.

Valuation Multiple Comparisons

Most investors today “price” stocks using valuation multiples rather than calculating intrinsic value based on future cash flows ^[18]. The two most common metrics are:

• Price-Earnings (P/E) ratio – Shows how much investors pay for earning power
• Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA) – Compares business value, free of debt, to earnings ^[18]

Enterprise value multiples are better comparison tools than equity multiples because they allow direct evaluation regardless of capital structure ^[19]. These metrics are less affected by accounting differences since calculations happen higher up on the income statement ^[19].

Growth Rate Analysis

My analysis of growth patterns shows that revenue and earnings trajectories provide key insights into a company’s competitive position. Higher revenue and earnings growth rates might show:

• Market share expansion
• Operational scaling
• Improved profitability ^[7]

Asset turnover measurements show how well companies generate revenue from their assets ^[7]. Inventory turnover ratios indicate management effectiveness and product demand strength ^[7].

Good comparative analysis looks at both quantitative and qualitative factors. Interest coverage ratios help assess a company’s ability to meet debt obligations compared to peers ^[7]. My career analyzing investments has shown that companies with better financial health and superior cash flow management often become preferred investment choices ^[8].

Economic Analysis Framework for Market Timing

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Investors need to watch economic indicators to time their investment decisions in today’s connected markets. My experience as an investment writer who watches market trends has shown me how these indicators help guide portfolio adjustments.

Macroeconomic Indicators

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) stands as the most complete economic indicator that measures the total value of goods and services produced ^[20]. Real GDP gives a better picture of actual economic growth by adjusting for price changes ^[20]. Higher real GDP numbers tell us businesses are making more valuable goods and services, which usually shows a better standard of living ^[20].

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) shows how prices change for goods and services that city dwellers buy ^[20]. The Producer Price Index (PPI) looks at price changes from the seller’s side and often warns us about future consumer inflation ^[20].

The U.S. Census Bureau’s monthly retail sales report teaches us about how consumers spend their money ^[20]. Notwithstanding that, these numbers need careful study because they don’t account for price changes – so changes might just reflect inflation rather than real spending shifts ^[20].

Interest Rate Impact Assessment

Interest rates affect investment decisions in assets of all types. Businesses cut back on borrowing and investment when rates go up because lending costs more ^[11]. This usually means they hire fewer people and consumers might spend less ^[11].

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets eight times each year to set the federal funds rate ^[20]. With inflation likely to settle between 2.5% and 3.0%, the Federal Reserve ended up targeting the federal funds rate near 3.0% ^[12].

Different sectors react differently to rate changes:

• Financial institutions do better when rates rise
• Real estate faces headwinds during high-rate periods
• Bond prices move in the opposite direction of interest rates ^[10]

Global Market Correlations

Market connections worldwide have changed a lot since early 2020 ^[13]. The Shanghai Stock Exchange and Hang Seng Index used to move with other markets at 0.42 and 0.56 from 2015 to 2020, but these numbers dropped to 0.16 and 0.22 between 2022 and 2023 ^[13].

Supply chain problems and world events have changed how markets relate to each other ^[13]. Russian markets moved differently from Chinese markets even as Russia grew more dependent on China’s economy ^[13].

The U.S. market still powers global growth thanks to:

• A strong job market
• More spending on AI technology
• Active capital markets ^[21]

Experts project global GDP growth at 2.5% for 2025, while core CPI inflation should stay near 3% ^[21]. Regional differences in inflation and policy rates might grow more obvious, and Western Europe could remain the weak spot ^[21].

My work with market timing strategies has taught me that good economic analysis needs constant attention to these indicators and how they work together. The way these factors connect tells us more than looking at any one number by itself.

ESG Integration in Investment Analysis

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ESG considerations now shape how analysts assess investment opportunities in today’s digital world. My work as an investment writer has shown me how ESG integration works to improve traditional investment analysis methods.

Environmental Impact Metrics

Companies protect their surroundings through measurable environmental indicators. Studies show that environmental factors negatively affect equity returns ^[9]. This suggests companies need financial incentives to adopt eco-friendly practices. Companies now face assessment based on:

• Direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions
• Energy consumption patterns
• Waste management protocols
• Natural resource conservation efforts

The environmental aspect looks at ecological effects through detailed metrics. Evidence points to environmental risk assessment’s growing role in investment decisions ^[9].

Social Responsibility Scores

Social metrics assess stakeholder relationships in many ways. Research shows the social factor’s effect on equity returns isn’t statistically meaningful ^[9]. Yet investors know its value in risk assessment.

Key social responsibility indicators cover:

• Human rights practices
• Employee health and safety protocols
• Community engagement initiatives
• Supply chain ethics

Today, 72% of investors think over a company’s ethics before investing in its stock ^[22]. This shows how social responsibility matters more in investment choices.

Governance Quality Assessment

Governance metrics have shown the strongest effect on investment returns. Studies reveal that good governance practices link to better equity performance ^[9]. A full governance assessment looks at:

1. Board diversity and independence
2. Executive compensation structures
3. Shareholder rights protection
4. Internal control mechanisms

Without doubt, companies must follow sound governance practices to boost shareholder wealth ^[9]. Research shows that diverse companies are 33% more likely to outperform their less diverse industry peers financially ^[23].

Sustainability Risk Analysis

Sustainability risk analysis has become vital in modern investment frameworks. Recent data shows that between one-third and half of assets held by financial institutions depend heavily on ecosystem services ^[23].

The sustainability risk management framework has three main parts:

• ESG Integration
• Product Level Sustainability Risk Management
• Ongoing Monitoring and Escalation ^[24]

ESG integration (81%) and exclusionary screening (75%) are now the most used strategies ^[4]. Fossil fuel exclusions lead as the main negative screen, with 68% of investors using them ^[4].

My analysis of ESG integration trends shows that sustainability risk assessment needs subjective judgment and often uses third-party data ^[24]. These sustainability risks must become part of mainstream finance since they affect financial performance and long-term value creation ^[23].

Comparative summary

Analysis Method	Main Goal	Key Metrics/Indicators	Main Tools/Techniques	Key Benefits
Fundamental Analysis	Looking at investment opportunities through financial metrics	P/E ratio, PEG ratio, P/B ratio, D/E ratio	Industry analysis, Management evaluation, Market position assessment	Gives a clear way to assess value
Quantitative Analysis	Turning data into practical insights using math models	Technical indicators, Machine learning outputs, Backtesting results	Ichimoku Cloud, Bollinger Bands, Machine learning algorithms	Cuts down human error and speeds up decisions
Risk-Return Analysis	Finding the right balance between risk and return	Diversification ratio, Correlation coefficients, Portfolio entropy	Modern Portfolio Theory, Efficient frontier analysis, Risk adjustment techniques	Gets the best results for each risk level
Behavioral Analysis	Learning how psychology shapes markets	VIX, High-low index, Bullish Percent Index	Market sentiment indicators, Crowd psychology patterns, Emotional bias detection	Spots market gaps caused by emotions
Comparative Analysis	Seeing how companies stack up against competitors	Operating margins, P/E ratios, EV/EBITDA	Peer group analysis, Sector performance metrics, Growth rate analysis	Shows hidden value differences and market position
Economic Analysis	Making market moves based on economic trends	GDP, CPI, PPI, Retail sales	Macroeconomic indicators, Interest rate impact assessment, Global market correlations	Helps pick the right time to buy or sell
ESG Integration	Looking at environmental, social, and governance factors	Environmental impact metrics, Social responsibility scores, Governance quality metrics	Sustainability risk analysis, ESG screening, Stakeholder relationship evaluation	Better long-term risk assessment and value growth

Final reflection

These seven investment analysis methods are the foundations of making smart investment decisions in 2025’s complex market environment. Over the last several years of analyzing market trends, I’ve learned that successful investing needs a multi-faceted approach that combines fundamental research, quantitative analysis, and understanding of behavior.

The best investors know each method brings something special to the table. Fundamental analysis shows a company’s true value, and quantitative tools process big amounts of data quickly. Modern Portfolio Theory helps optimize risk-return through smart diversification, while behavioral analysis keeps us from making emotional mistakes.

Looking at similar companies side by side uncovers hidden opportunities, and economic analysis helps you time your market moves right. ESG adds a vital dimension by looking at long-term sustainability and governance factors that substantially affect investment outcomes.

My research proves that blending these methods creates a strong framework to make investment decisions. This complete approach spots promising opportunities and guards against potential risks. Most successful investors become skilled at several of these techniques instead of sticking to just one.

Expert guidance can help you put these methods to work in your investment strategy. If you want customized investment advice, visit https://www.zyntra.io/ where expert analysts help implement these proven techniques.

Note that investment success comes from applying proven methods with discipline rather than reacting emotionally to market swings. These seven analysis techniques, when used properly, build a strong foundation to reach your long-term investment goals.

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FAQs

Q1. What are some of the best investment options for 2025? Some promising investment options for 2025 include high-yield savings accounts, CD ladders, medium-term corporate bond funds, dividend stock funds, short-term Treasury ETFs, small-cap stock funds, and REIT index funds. Each option offers different benefits and risk levels, so it’s important to choose based on your financial goals and risk tolerance.

Q2. How can I use fundamental analysis to evaluate investment opportunities? Fundamental analysis involves examining key financial ratios like P/E and PEG ratios, analyzing industry trends, evaluating company management, and assessing market position. This structured approach helps investors determine a company’s intrinsic value and make more informed investment decisions.

Q3. What role does behavioral analysis play in investment decisions? Behavioral analysis helps investors understand market sentiment and crowd psychology patterns. By recognizing emotional biases like loss aversion and overconfidence, investors can make more rational decisions and potentially identify market inefficiencies caused by emotional factors.

Q4. How does ESG integration impact investment analysis? ESG integration involves assessing a company’s environmental impact, social responsibility, and governance quality. This approach enhances long-term risk assessment and value creation potential. It’s becoming increasingly important as investors recognize the impact of sustainability factors on financial performance.

Q5. What are some key economic indicators to watch for market timing? Important economic indicators for market timing include GDP growth, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI), and retail sales figures. Additionally, monitoring interest rates and global market correlations can help investors optimize their market entry and exit timing.

References

[1] – https://www.schwab.com/learn/story/five-key-financial-ratios-stock-analysis
[2] – https://online.mason.wm.edu/blog/behavioral-biases-that-can-impact-investing-decisions
[3] – https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/industry-analysis-methods/
[4] – https://www.ussif.org/research/trends-reports/us-sustainable-investing-trends-2024-2025-executive-summary
[5] – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketsentiment.asp
[6] – https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/iimtjm-03-2024-0034/full/html
[7] – https://www.financestrategists.com/wealth-management/fundamental-vs-technical-analysis/peer-group-analysis/
[8] – https://www.nism.ac.in/2023/12/comparative-analysis/
[9] – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666784323000025
[10] – https://www.usbank.com/financialiq/invest-your-money/investment-strategies/how-do-interest-rates-affect-investments.html
[11] – https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/09/how-interest-rates-affect-markets.asp
[12] – https://www.usbank.com/investing/financial-perspectives/market-news/how-do-rising-interest-rates-affect-the-stock-market.html
[13] – https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2024/01/25/decoupling-correlations-global-markets-since-covid-19/
[14] – https://www.investopedia.com/articles/trading/04/011404.asp
[15] – https://ceritypartners.com/investment-decisions-emotions-behavioral-bias/
[16] – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/peer-group.asp
[17] – https://365financialanalyst.com/knowledge-hub/business-analysis-and-strategy/peer-group-analysis/
[18] – https://www.morganstanley.com/im/en-us/individual-investor/insights/articles/valuation-multiples.html
[19] – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multiplesapproach.asp
[20] – https://www.finra.org/investors/insights/key-economic-indicators-every-investor-should-know
[21] – https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/global-research/outlook/market-outlook
[22] – https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstreams/7312037d-22d4-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b/download
[23] – https://www.nordea.com/en/doc/final-sustainability-risks-and-how-they-affect-investments-q2-2023.pdf
[24] – https://am.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/emea/regional/en/regulatory/esg-information/summary-of-sustainability-risks-policy-en.pdf

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