12 Critical Quantum Computing Challenges

The year 2025 approaches rapidly, and these challenges need our immediate focus. Infrastructure limitations and data security concerns top the list of problems.

Healthcare data grows by 36% each year. Quantum computing in healthcare could reshape how we manage this massive flow of information.

Cleveland Clinic’s partnership with IBM for drug discovery shows promising results. Quantum simulations now convert chemical formulas into 3D structures. These breakthroughs point to a bright future. However, several obstacles block the path to widespread implementation. Quantum computing could speed up disease marker identification and enable molecule-level medical imaging.

The year 2025 approaches rapidly, and these challenges need our immediate focus. Infrastructure limitations and data security concerns top the list of problems. Healthcare systems must overcome 12 crucial barriers that will determine quantum computing’s future in medicine. We should examine these challenges to understand what they mean for healthcare.

Infrastructure and Resource Constraints

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Healthcare systems face major infrastructure challenges when integrating quantum computing. We built current healthcare systems around electronic health records (EHRs) and diagnostic imaging tools that struggle with interoperability issues and data processing limitations8.

Quantum computing hardware creates unique challenges. These systems just need specialized quantum processing units (QPUs) that operate with quantum bits instead of classical bits1. Most available QPUs possess between 50 and 100 qubits, with some advanced systems offering up to 400+ qubits1. These systems need highly controlled environments, including ultra-low temperatures and vacuum conditions2.

Implementing quantum computing in healthcare comes with substantial costs. The technology needs significant original investments in specialized hardware, cooling systems, and ongoing operational expenses2. On top of that, it costs more to maintain due to the core team and controlled environments7. Healthcare institutions with tight budgets find these expenses especially challenging when you have access to quantum systems restricted to well-funded organizations2.

There’s another major challenge in resource allocation. Healthcare facilities must develop strategic approaches to manage quantum computing resources effectively. Cloud providers offer academic subscriptions that help researchers secure dedicated time on smaller QPUs1. Making use of quantum simulators provides affordable alternatives to test and optimize algorithms before deployment on actual quantum hardware1.

Note that integrating quantum computing with existing healthcare infrastructure needs thorough planning and substantial resources. The balance between these constraints and potential benefits is a vital factor for successful implementation.

Data Security and Privacy Concerns

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Healthcare security breaches have reached alarming levels. 50 million Americans had their sensitive health data exposed in 2021 alone20. Medical data grows at 48% annually20, and quantum computing brings new opportunities along with security risks.

Quantum-Safe Cryptography Needs

Healthcare organizations must switch to quantum-resistant encryption methods to guard against future threats. Quantum computers could break through current encryption algorithms that protect patient data22. Two critical approaches have emerged:

• Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) to protect against quantum decryption
• Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) to exchange keys securely between parties31

Patient Data Protection Challenges

Health records can sell for up to $1,000 each on the black market20, making healthcare a prime target for cybercriminals. Organizations now face pressure to protect against “Store Now, Decrypt Later” (SNDL) attacks22. These attacks let bad actors grab sensitive data today and decode it once quantum computing matures32.

Regulatory Compliance Requirements

HIPAA’s Security Rule requires healthcare entities to make electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) “unreadable, undecipherable or unusable”20. Current regulatory frameworks need updates by a lot to handle quantum computing capabilities8. The core team should think over:

1. Implementation of FIPS 140-2 security requirements
2. Adoption of AES 128, 192, and 256-bit encryption standards
3. Development of quantum-specific compliance protocols

Healthcare sector needs quick adoption of quantum-safe strategies because medical information needs protection for the longest time18. Organizations must stay alert against threats from inside and outside22.

Technical Integration Complexities

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“Building a hybrid infrastructure that leverages quantum advantages, while still relying on classical systems, is a significant technical and operational hurdle.” — Sanjay Bishwas, Quantum Computing Expert

Healthcare organizations face complex technical hurdles as they try to integrate quantum computing with their medical systems. Quantum resources are now accessible to more people through commercially available hardware and cloud-hosted resources1. The practical implementation still presents many challenges.

Legacy System Integration Issues

Electronic health records (EHRs), diagnostic imaging tools, and bioinformatics systems can’t handle large data volumes and high-speed processing requirements effectively8. Moving from conventional to quantum systems requires major changes to the existing infrastructure. Cloud providers give academic subscriptions for smaller QPUs and quantum computer simulations1. These subscriptions help organizations test different integration approaches before full implementation.

Interoperability Challenges

Communication between quantum and classical systems remains one of healthcare’s biggest problems. High-level programming languages and quantum processing units (QPUs) should work smoothly with existing medical technologies1. Healthcare facilities need strong quantum software development kits (QSDKs) that can:

• Enable interface development with quantum hardware
• Support cross-platform compatibility
• Make quantum algorithm deployment easier
• Manage quantum circuit operations

Technical Standardization Needs

System integration depends heavily on standardization as quantum technologies advance33. The European Union recognizes three primary international standardization organizations33:

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• International Telecommunication Union’s Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

These organizations collaborate to create guidelines for quantum hardware handling and data encryption protocols33. Open standards are the foundations of interoperability, security, and reliability in quantum computing systems34. Quantum computing systems need different hardware, software, and communication protocols compared to classical computing systems34.

Workforce Development Gaps

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Research indicates a critical shortage in quantum computing talent. Only one qualified candidate is available for every three job openings2. This gap threatens to slow down quantum computing adoption in healthcare, as projections suggest less than 50% of quantum computing positions will be filled by 202510.

Quantum Computing Skills Shortage

A substantial deficit exists in quantum expertise within the public health workforce11. Healthcare organizations need two types of technical talent: quantum software engineers who can develop algorithms, and quantum hardware engineers who can manage specialized systems10. The need goes beyond technical roles to include quantum translators who can bridge the gap between quantum technology and healthcare applications.

Training and Education Requirements

Educational infrastructure remains limited. Only 29 out of 176 quantum research programs worldwide offer graduate-level degrees10. Several initiatives have emerged to address this gap:

• Simple quantum training programs (3-6 months) for adjacent roles like statistics and computer science
• Specialized courses for healthcare professionals through IBM’s Quantum Learning platform
• Technical seminars that focus on clinical trial optimization and AI integration12

Recruitment Challenges

Unique obstacles exist in attracting diverse talent. Organizations compete for a limited pool of qualified candidates while ensuring representation in a variety of demographics. To name just one example, see recent programs that have shown promising results, with 48% of participants identifying as female or nonbinary10. Cleveland Clinic has created mutually beneficial alliances with local universities to create specialized programs for computer science students12.

The Biden administration has labeled the shortage of quantum computing professionals a “national security vulnerability”13. Healthcare institutions have responded by adopting flexible approaches. They offer remote work options and encourage cooperative efforts with academic groups to attract and retain talent10.

Regulatory and Compliance Hurdles

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Healthcare lacks dedicated quantum computing regulations, which creates major oversight challenges. The European Union and United States still rely on outdated frameworks that don’t match quantum technologies14.

Current Healthcare Regulations

The European Union requires quantum medical devices to follow several overlapping regulations3. The rules have Regulations 2017/745 on Medical Devices and 2017/746 on In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices3. Getting a Conformité Européenne (CE) mark takes time because very few Notified Bodies understand quantum technologies3.

Quantum Computing Standards

International standards like ISO 13485 and the IEC 60601 series control medical device quality management3. These standards lay the groundwork but don’t deal very well with quantum-specific challenges. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) works to complete algorithms that resist quantum computing attacks15. The most important regulatory requirements are:

• Clinical trial guidelines specific to quantum devices
• Quantum-safe encryption protocols
• Interoperability standards with existing healthcare systems
• Performance validation metrics

Compliance Framework Gaps

Quantum computing capabilities advance faster than regulations16. The current frameworks don’t handle quantum-specific risks well, which leads to several critical gaps3:

• Clinical trials lack proper guidelines for quantum-biological interactions
• Quantum-specific risks need standardized compliance norms
• Quantum data handling and privacy protection need better protocols
• Quantum-driven medical decisions need more oversight

The European Declaration on Quantum Technologies recognizes these issues3. Healthcare regulators must create new guidelines to ensure safe and ethical quantum computing implementation8. The National Quantum Initiative Act has established a dedicated subcommittee to tackle these regulatory challenges8.

Implementation Timeline Uncertainties

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Quantum computing’s practical healthcare applications face many timeline uncertainties. NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) devices, our current quantum systems, run with high error rates and need complex error correction mechanisms8.

Technology Readiness Assessment

Quantum computing systems haven’t reached their full potential in efficiency and accuracy7. Qubits still don’t deal very well with interference and noise, which creates errors9. There’s another reason why these systems face challenges – they need a lot of time to cool down after reaching certain temperatures7.

Implementation Phases

Healthcare organizations need a well-laid-out plan to integrate quantum computing:

• Infrastructure Development: Building reliable high-performance computing and AI foundations
• Workforce Training: Getting computation teams and informatics groups up to speed
• System Integration: Linking quantum capabilities with existing healthcare operations
• Performance Validation: Making sure quantum applications work as intended

Timeline Management Strategies

Healthcare IT leaders should prepare their organizations now, even if they don’t fully grasp all quantum science details9. Several companies are working on adaptable to tackle technical hurdles9. The cost of implementing quantum computing might drop as the technology advances7.

Multiple federal agencies now have orders to support quantum sciences development17. NIST collaborates with prominent industry leaders to create standard algorithms for classical computer systems before quantum adoption9. Healthcare facilities need to spot opportunities where quantum computing can solve problems that classical computing can’t handle9.

The final implementation timeline depends on solving technical issues, setting up regulations, and developing practical uses. Organizations must balance their quantum-safe preparation needs while accepting that full implementation takes time and careful planning18.

Cost Management Challenges

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Healthcare organizations face huge financial hurdles when they think over quantum computing adoption. The numbers tell a striking story – quantum computing costs 100,000 times more per hour than classical computing, with rates from $1,000 to $5,000 per hour4.

Original Investment Requirements

Quantum computing infrastructure comes with steep upfront costs. A single qubit in a superconducting quantum computer costs between $10,000 and $50,0006. The specialized equipment needs are just as demanding:

• Dilution refrigerators range from $500,000 to $3 million6
• Quantum chip development needs $20 million to $100 million6
• This is a big deal as it means that a complete system setup for a 1,000-qubit system costs over $100 million6

Operational Cost Considerations

Quantum systems need constant financial support. The yearly operational costs include:

• Refrigeration systems that rack up $20,000+ in power costs6
• Maintenance bills that approach $1 million19
• The core team’s salaries that range from $150,000 to $300,000 per person6

ROI Assessment Difficulties

Most buyers want to break even within a year, though some look at three to five-year targets4. Healthcare facilities struggle with ROI calculations because:

• The technology stays experimental and complex5
• Nobody knows exact implementation timelines
• Quantum systems need non-stop monitoring and calibration5

Money matters go beyond just direct costs. Healthcare institutions with tight budgets find these investments especially challenging when you have access limited to well-funded organizations2.

Stakeholder Resistance Issues

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Healthcare providers and patients still hesitate to accept quantum computing in healthcare settings. Medical data breaches affected 50 million Americans in 2021 alone20. This has created much resistance among healthcare providers and patients.

Healthcare Provider Concerns

Doctors worry about how quantum computing might affect their relationships with patients. We learned that quantum computing can’t replace everything in healthcare delivery – like empathy, encouragement, and physical presence in patient care21. Without doubt, the complex technology and the need for special expertise raise more questions about putting it into practice.

Patient Trust Challenges

Health records can sell for $1,000 per record on the black market20. This makes patients nervous about their data security. Store Now, Decrypt Later (SNDL) attacks threaten patient privacy in the long run22. Medical records must stay protected for up to 120 years18, so healthcare providers don’t deal very well with protecting sensitive information.

Stakeholder Management Strategies

A detailed approach to stakeholder participation helps quantum computing succeed. Healthcare organizations should follow these strategies:

• Keep communication open about quantum goals and progress
• Build strong training programs for staff and practitioners
• Show real benefits while respecting human care elements
• Set up ongoing security checks and validation steps

Yes, it is important to balance technical capabilities with human factors when adding quantum computing. Healthcare organizations should build trust by showing secure measures and clearly explaining how quantum computing makes traditional healthcare better rather than replacing it21.

Performance Validation Challenges

_{Image Source: MDPI}

“We expect that progress in quantum error correction will mark a pivotal moment, with scalable error-correcting codes reducing overhead for fault-tolerant quantum computing and the first logical qubits surpassing physical qubits in error rates.” — Jan Goetz, Co-CEO and Co-founder, IQM Quantum Computers

Healthcare faces unique technical hurdles when measuring how well quantum computing systems work. The reliability of computations takes a hit from quantum hardware noise and decoherence, which makes it vital to assess performance correctly23.

Quantum Computing Accuracy Metrics

The precision of quantum operations suffers when entangling gate fidelities are low23. Quantum systems can’t solve complex problems effectively because of these inaccuracies. Current quantum hardware doesn’t deal very well with noise, which affects the reliability of medical calculations8. Healthcare facilities need reliable testing protocols to make sure their computations are accurate.

Validation Protocols

Quantum error correction helps defend against computational inaccuracies23. These techniques keep quantum information safe from decoherence and noise, but they need many more qubits to work8. Drug discovery and genetic data analysis just need strict validation processes to ensure:

• Error detection and correction mechanisms
• Quantum state preservation protocols
• Computational accuracy verification
• Clinical outcome validation

Performance Monitoring Requirements

Quantum hardware’s sensitive nature means it needs constant monitoring and assessment8. Healthcare organizations should set up complete performance tracking systems that assess both hardware and software parts. These systems ended up addressing quantum-specific challenges while following existing healthcare standards.

Adding more qubits to quantum systems makes monitoring more complex8. Each new qubit makes the system exponentially more complicated, so it needs better error correction and environmental controls. Healthcare facilities also need special protocols to monitor quantum-enhanced AI models they use for medical decisions2.

Scalability Concerns

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Healthcare applications face major technical barriers when scaling quantum computing systems. NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) devices have high error rates that affect their reliability and practical use8.

System Scaling Challenges

Each additional qubit exponentially increases quantum systems’ complexity8. QPUs (Quantum Processing Units) are available only with 5-10 qubits for non-paid accounts1. System stability takes a hit from quantum decoherence and environmental noise, and this requires extensive error correction mechanisms8.

Growth Management Issues

Quantum computing capabilities face several roadblocks as they expand:

• Specialized environments limit hardware scalability
• Error correction needs too many extra qubits
• Healthcare infrastructure integration proves complex
• Operational efficiency suffers from cooling system needs7

Capacity Planning Needs

Future scaling requirements need careful evaluation by healthcare organizations. Modern quantum computers need strictly controlled environments with ultra-low temperatures and vacuum conditions2. Drug discovery and customized medicine would need thousands to millions of fault-tolerant qubits—nowhere near what we can do today2.

Cloud services from quantum computing vendors let organizations test and optimize their applications before full deployment1. Notwithstanding that, quantum technologies need highly controlled environments, which makes them hard to use in some medical settings24.

Healthcare organizations must balance quantum capabilities against real-world limitations. The road to expandable solutions in quantum computing requires clearing major technical hurdles. Organizations should weigh both current needs and future growth potential24.

Risk Management Difficulties

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Healthcare systems need strong risk management protocols to protect quantum computing systems. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) stresses how important quantum-safe security measures are because cyber threats keep getting more sophisticated20.

Technical Risk Assessment

Quantum threats endanger healthcare data security in several ways. Attackers now use Store Now, Decrypt Later (SNDL) attacks to get sensitive medical information they can decrypt in the future22. Medical records need protection for up to 120 years, which makes them very vulnerable to quantum decryption attempts20. Quantum computers can process such big amounts of data that it raises questions about informed consent and who owns the data8.

Operational Risk Factors

Healthcare organizations face special challenges when they implement quantum computing. Quantum hardware is delicate and needs sophisticated error correction mechanisms. Each new qubit makes the system exponentially more complex8. Quantum error correction needs a lot of overhead, which makes it harder to scale these systems8. These risks affect:

• Data storage security
• System maintenance requirements
• Environmental control specifications
• Error correction protocols

Risk Mitigation Strategies

Organizations need an all-encompassing approach to reduce risks. NIST works with industry leaders to create standard quantum-resistant algorithms that work with classical computer systems9. Healthcare facilities should use multiple layers to manage risk:

Organizations should first get a full picture of their quantum risk exposure25. They must then use post-quantum encryption security to protect sensitive medical data25. This makes healthcare organizations quick to update their cryptographic algorithms when new security threats appear26.

Quantum systems are so powerful they could break through public-key cryptography, which healthcare systems use to protect Protected Health Information (PHI)27. Security protocols need constant monitoring and updates to keep patient data safe27.

Change Management Obstacles

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Healthcare institutions need major organizational changes to successfully implement quantum computing. The Cleveland Clinic’s quantum computing initiative shows why long-term strategic planning and teamwork across departments matter28.

Organizational Change Requirements

Healthcare facilities must build reliable infrastructures before they can use quantum technologies. They need high-performance computing capabilities and artificial intelligence foundations to integrate quantum systems28. The transformation program needs teamwork across departments and various skill sets29. Healthcare institutions now build teams that combine academia, biomedical research, and clinical practice to learn about quantum applications28.

Process Adaptation Needs

Quantum computing integration changes fundamental healthcare operations. Organizations must update their processes to work with quantum technologies by:

• Modernizing infrastructure with hybrid cloud systems
• Creating programs to develop workforce skills
• Setting up quantum-safe security protocols
• Creating specialized validation methods

Change Resistance Management

Healthcare organizations need different approaches to handle resistance to quantum adoption. They must work together with industry partners through working groups to tackle quantum risks29. The organizational culture plays a key role in change management practices29. Teams need to stay motivated throughout the multi-year delivery process29.

System complexity remains the biggest barrier to quantum adoption30. McKinsey estimates that life sciences and three other major industries could create $1.3 trillion in value by 2035 through quantum computing30. Healthcare organizations must develop quantum strategies while they protect user data from quantum threats30.

Comparison Table

Challenge	Main Impact Area	Technical Requirements	Current Status/Limitations	Risk Factors
Infrastructure and Resource Constraints	Hardware Systems	Specialized QPUs, Cooling Systems	50-400 qubits accessible	High operational costs, Limited access
Data Security and Privacy Concerns	Data Protection	Quantum-safe cryptography, PQC, QKD	50M Americans affected by breaches	SNDL attacks, $1,000/record black market value
Technical Integration Complexities	System Interoperability	QSDKs, Cross-platform compatibility	Limited commercial hardware accessibility	Legacy system integration problems
Workforce Development Gaps	Talent Management	Quantum software/hardware expertise	1:3 qualified candidate ratio	50% positions unfilled by 2025
Regulatory and Compliance Hurdles	Governance	CE marking, ISO 13485, IEC 60601	Insufficient quantum-specific regulations	Limited oversight frameworks
Implementation Timeline Uncertainties	Project Planning	NISQ devices, Error correction	High error rates in current systems	Cooling time requirements
Cost Management Challenges	Financial Resources	$10-50K per qubit	100,000x more expensive than classical computing	$1-5K per hour operational costs
Stakeholder Resistance Issues	Organizational Adoption	Training programs, Security protocols	Strong provider/patient resistance	Trust and privacy concerns
Performance Validation Challenges	Quality Assurance	Error correction protocols, Monitoring systems	Limited by hardware noise	Decoherence issues
Scalability Concerns	System Growth	Controlled environments, Error correction	5-10 qubits for non-paid accounts	Exponential complexity increase
Risk Management Difficulties	Security Operations	Quantum-resistant algorithms	120-year protection requirement	SNDL attack vulnerability
Change Management Obstacles	Organizational Change	Cross-departmental collaboration	Limited adoption rate	Complex implementation process

Conclusion

Healthcare organizations encounter major hurdles as quantum computing moves toward mainstream adoption. Current quantum systems have technical limitations. Infrastructure costs can reach $100 million for 1,000-qubit systems, creating the most important barriers to entry. Security remains the top priority, especially when you have quantum computers that could break existing encryption methods protecting sensitive patient data.

Healthcare facilities must carefully think about and plan their strategy. They need to balance quantum computing’s promise against real-life implementation challenges like workforce shortages and regulatory uncertainties. A methodical approach focused on building resilient foundations through infrastructure updates, staff training, and security protocols will lead to success.

Organizations should prepare now by checking their quantum readiness. They must find specific use cases and develop complete implementation strategies. This preparation helps minimize risks while maximizing benefits in drug discovery, medical imaging, and individual-specific medicine. You can learn about quantum computing solutions tailored to healthcare needs by contacting us at support@zyntra.io.

Quantum computing will revolutionize healthcare delivery. However, realizing its full potential requires overcoming substantial technical, financial, and organizational obstacles. Healthcare leaders who systematically tackle these challenges while focusing on patient care quality will position their organizations to succeed in the quantum era.

FAQs

Q1. How will quantum computing impact healthcare by 2025? Quantum computing is expected to significantly enhance areas like drug discovery, medical imaging, and personalized medicine. However, full implementation faces challenges such as high costs, technical limitations, and regulatory uncertainties.

Q2. What are the main security concerns with quantum computing in healthcare? The primary security concerns include the potential for quantum computers to break existing encryption methods, making patient data vulnerable. There’s also a risk of “Store Now, Decrypt Later” attacks, where adversaries acquire encrypted data to decrypt it once quantum capabilities mature.

Q3. What infrastructure is needed to implement quantum computing in healthcare? Healthcare facilities need specialized quantum processing units (QPUs), advanced cooling systems, and controlled environments. Additionally, they require high-performance computing capabilities and artificial intelligence foundations as prerequisites for quantum integration.

Q4. How can healthcare organizations address the quantum computing skills shortage? Organizations can tackle the skills shortage by partnering with universities to create specialized programs, offering remote work options, and implementing comprehensive training programs for existing staff in areas like quantum software engineering and hardware management.

Q5. What are the cost implications of adopting quantum computing in healthcare? The costs are substantial, with quantum computing currently 100,000 times more expensive per hour than classical computing. Initial investments can exceed $100 million for a 1,000-qubit system, with ongoing operational costs including specialized staff salaries and maintenance expenses approaching $1 million annually.

To learn more visit:

15 Quantum Computing Breakthroughs Shaping Healthcare in 2025

References

[1] – https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/31/8/1774/7700020
[2] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11586987/
[3] – https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2024/12/06/a-brief-quantum-medicine-policy-guide/
[4] – https://www.bcg.com/publications/2024/long-term-forecast-for-quantum-computing-still-looks-bright
[5] – https://www.spinquanta.com/newsDetail/bdde4988-8a71-4334-84fb-c6e3d0d2d5b9
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[7] – https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/quantum-computing-in-healthcare-market-41524710.html
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[13] – https://averyfairbank.com/quantum-computing-skills-shortage-slowing-quantum-revolution/
[14] – https://law.stanford.edu/publications/regulating-quantum-ai-in-healthcare-a-brief-policy-guide/
[15] – https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbestechcouncil/2024/01/19/quantum-compliance-harnessing-quantum-computing-for-enhanced-security-and-privacy/
[16] – https://www.cureus.com/articles/278342-revolutionizing-healthcare-the-emerging-role-of-quantum-computing-in-enhancing-medical-technology-and-treatment
[17] – https://www.boozallen.com/insights/ai-research/quantum-for-health-sciences-and-technology.html
[18] – https://www.digicert.com/blog/how-will-quantum-computing-impact-healthcare-security
[19] – https://ictandhealth.com/news/quantum-computing-the-race-for-medical-advances-has-begun
[20] – https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/quantum-cryptography-and-health-sector.pdf
[21] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6205278/
[22] – https://www.sandboxaq.com/post/safeguarding-healthcare-the-urgent-need-for-post-quantum-cryptography-and-zero-trust-architectures
[23] – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165614724001676
[24] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10689891/
[25] – https://www.senetas.com/a-5-step-guide-to-quantum-security/
[26] – https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/topics/cyber-risk/quantum-computing-ethics-risks.html
[27] – https://fortifiedhealthsecurity.com/blog/quantum-computing/
[28] – https://healthtechmagazine.net/how-is-quantum-computing-being-used-in-healthcare-perfcon
[29] – https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/cios-must-prepare-their-organizations-today-for-quantum-safe-cryptography
[30] – https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spy2.419?af=R
[31] – https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11141384/
[32] – https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/51480-how-quantum-computing-will-impact-healthcare-data-encryption
[33] – https://portail-qualite.public.lu/content/dam/qualite/publications/normalisation/2023/report-technical-standardization-quantum-technologies-november-2023.pdf
[34] – https://www.oasis-open.org/2023/10/25/do-quantum-technologies-need-a-new-set-of-standards/

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