7 Investment Risk Types Smart Beginners Must Know in 2025

This piece offers a detailed look at seven investment risk types you need to know in 2025.

The S&P BSE Sensex plummeted by 37.01% in early 2020. This crash taught many investors about investment risk types painfully. My experience shows countless beginners face situations like these because they don’t grasp their risk exposure.

I’m Elizabeth Johnson, a personal finance writer who noticed something remarkable. Most individual investors skip a vital step of risk assessment, yet 62% of organizations actively seek opportunities within risks. Your first step toward smarter decisions starts with understanding different types of investment risks, regardless of your choice between stocks, bonds, or other investments.

This piece offers a detailed look at seven investment risk types you need to know in 2025. We’ll explore everything from market fluctuations to credit defaults, which showed a notably low 2.2% rate in India for FY22. You’ll discover practical ways to protect your investments through this journey.

Market Risk: Understanding Price Fluctuations

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“Bull markets are born on pessimism, grow on skepticism, mature on optimism, and die on euphoria.” — Sir John Templeton, Legendary investor and mutual fund pioneer

Price changes in financial markets can affect investment returns by a lot. Recent data shows the S&P 500 Index has topped 25% returns for two straight years ^[1]. Market risk still remains the biggest problem for investors in 2025.

What Causes Market Risk in 2025

Market volatility this year stems from several factors. Stock values have hit record highs. Inflation has stayed above 2% for four years straight. The 10-year yield now sits at 4.63% ^[2]. Public policy shifts and geopolitical events keep pushing markets in different directions ^[2].

The new administration’s growth-friendly policies might shake things up. Changes to tariffs and immigration rules could also rattle the markets ^[2]. The Federal Reserve surprised everyone by planning just two rate cuts instead of four in 2025. Inflation still runs hot at 2.9% ^[3].

How Market Risk Affects Different Investment Types

Each investment type reacts differently to market risk. Bond prices move in the opposite direction of interest rates – when rates go up, prices come down ^[4]. Longer-term bonds face bigger risks because their prices swing more ^[4].

Stock prices react to both market-wide and company-specific risks. Market-wide risk hits all stocks at once, and you can’t dodge it through diversification ^[4]. Today’s high stock values leave less room to bounce back from market dips ^[2].

Market Risk Management Strategies for Beginners

Here are some tried-and-true ways to handle market risk:

1. Portfolio Diversification: Put your money in different types of investments, sectors, and regions to protect against market swings ^[5].
2. Risk Budgeting: Split your risk tolerance across different parts of your portfolio ^[6].
3. Stop-Loss Implementation: Pick your exit points ahead of time to cut losses ^[7].

Smart investors keep their investment terms short and always have cash ready for unexpected needs ^[4]. High-quality, easy-to-trade bonds help you stay flexible when markets get choppy ^[4].

Tools to Monitor Market Risk

Value at Risk (VaR) helps measure possible losses. It shows you the smallest loss you might expect over a specific time, given certain market conditions ^[6]. You can figure out VaR in three ways:

• Parametric Method: Uses statistics to estimate risk
• Historical Simulation: Looks at what happened in the past
• Monte Carlo Simulation: Offers more options but takes more computing power ^[6]

Besides VaR, sensitivity tools help you learn how investments react to specific risk changes ^[6]. Stress testing shows how your investments might hold up in really bad market conditions ^[6].

The derivatives market expects the federal funds rate to land between 3.25% and 3.50% by late 2025 ^[8]. Regular portfolio checks and proper risk tools are vital for success in today’s ever-changing investment world.

Credit Risk: When Borrowers Default

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Credit risk stands out as a major worry for investors in 2025. This comes as no surprise since global corporate defaults surged by 91% in 2020, with 226 cases reported ^[9]. My experience as a personal finance writer shows that investors make better portfolio decisions when they understand this type of risk.

Understanding Credit Ratings

Credit ratings tell us how likely a company is to pay back its debts fully and on time ^[10]. The ratings market is dominated by three big players – Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s (S&P), and Fitch Group control 85% of it ^[11]. These agencies rate creditworthiness using letter grades:

• AAA/Aaa: The safest bet with minimal default risk ^[12]
• A to BBB: Middle-ground risk, still safe enough for investment
• BB and below: Known as “junk” status, these carry higher risks ^[13]

These ratings rank credit risks side by side. Remember that even AAA-rated investments can default sometimes ^[10]. Right now, anything below BBB (S&P) or Baa (Moody’s) falls into the speculative category ^[12].

Credit Risk in Bonds vs Stocks

When a company goes bankrupt, bondholders get paid before stockholders ^[2]. Both investment types handle credit risk differently:

Bonds:

• You’ll see less price swings than with stocks ^[2]
• Corporate bonds pay better than government ones but might default more often ^[12]
• Bond values go up and down as interest rates change ^[13]

Stocks:

• The chance for bigger returns comes with more price swings ^[2]
• Stockholders are last in line during bankruptcy ^[2]
• Company results and economic changes affect stock prices substantially ^[13]

Warning Signs of Credit Risk

Spotting credit problems early helps protect your money. Look out for these signs:

1. Financial Health Indicators

• Revenue keeps dropping quarter after quarter ^[14]
• Companies take on too much debt compared to equity ^[14]
• Operating cash flow gets worse ^[14]

2. Behavioral Red Flags

• Companies stop communicating regularly
• They suddenly want to change loan terms
• They hold back financial information ^[14]

3. Market Signals

• Public companies with Market Signal PD above 8% need watching closely twelve months before default ^[9]
• The riskiest companies see their PD jump from 16% to over 28% as default approaches ^[9]

Here’s what you can do to protect against credit risk:

• Regular Monitoring: Keep an eye on credit ratings and financial reports
• Portfolio Diversification: Mix up your investments across different credit ratings
• Risk Assessment Tools: Use credit models and detailed rating information ^[9]

Credit risk management matters more than ever. S&P Global Ratings expects corporate finances to recover slowly ^[9]. You can protect your portfolio better by watching for warning signs and assessing risks carefully.

Liquidity Risk: Getting Stuck in Investments

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Markets can be unpredictable, and turning investments into cash quickly becomes challenging. My experience as a personal finance expert shows that 40% of pension schemes struggle with illiquid assets when they look for de-risking solutions ^[4].

Measuring Investment Liquidity

An asset’s liquidity shows how easily it converts to cash without price impact ^[15]. Two key factors determine investment liquidity:

1. Trading Volume: More buyers and sellers mean better liquidity through active market participation ^[16].
2. Bid-Ask Spread: Smaller gaps between buying and selling prices point to higher liquidity ^[16].

Stock liquidity depends on market interest and daily trades. Large, prominent companies on major exchanges offer better liquidity than smaller, lesser-known firms ^[16].

High vs Low Liquidity Investments

The liquidity spectrum helps investors make smarter choices:

High Liquidity Assets:

• Cash (most liquid)
• Money market accounts
• Certificates of deposit
• Treasury bills (4-26 week terms) ^[5]
• Stocks from major companies ^[15]

Low Liquidity Assets:

• Real estate properties
• Private equity investments
• Art and collectibles
• Direct ownership in private companies ^[17]

The average allocation to illiquid assets in pension schemes across 34 countries is 15%. Some schemes hold up to 50% of their portfolio in illiquid investments ^[4].

Emergency Fund Strategy

Market uncertainties make emergency funds vital. Recent data reveals that only 44% of Americans could handle a $1,000 emergency from savings ^[7]. Here’s how to build an effective emergency fund:

Optimal Size: Keep 3-6 months of living expenses ready ^[5]

Placement Options:

• Regular savings accounts with immediate access and returns
• Money market mutual funds with low-risk securities
• Laddered CDs that mature every six months ^[5]

U.S. Treasury bills typically offer better rates than standard savings accounts while maintaining liquidity ^[5].

Quick Exit Plans

Exit strategies matter, especially with less liquid investments. My market experience suggests these approaches:

For Private Market Investments:

• Secondary market sales (selling fund interests to other investors)
• NAV loans (using portfolio holdings as collateral)
• Preferred equity arrangements ^[18]

For Traditional Investments:

• Keep a portion in highly liquid assets
• Know lock-up periods and redemption terms
• Watch market conditions to time your exit ^[19]

Successful exit planning needs patience and flexibility. Recent market data shows private market exits take longer than public market transactions ^[19]. The Fund Finance Association projects NAV facilities market growth from $100 billion to $600 billion by 2030 ^[18].

Smart liquidity management is vital in today’s ever-changing investment world. Strategic asset allocation and careful planning help investors handle unexpected market shifts while keeping their portfolios stable.

Interest Rate Risk: Impact of Rate Changes

Success in investment during 2025 depends on how well you understand interest rate changes. Bond prices move in the opposite direction of interest rates. Even small rate changes can affect investment portfolios significantly ^[6].

How Interest Rates Affect Investments

Recent Federal Reserve data shows interest rates ranging between 4.25% to 4.50% ^[20]. These changes create ripples across different types of investments:

Fixed Income Securities: Bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions. Your existing bonds lose value as rates go up ^[6]. A bond paying 7% becomes worth less when market rates climb to 8% ^[21].

Equity Markets: Companies react to higher rates by:

• Scaling back expansion plans
• Putting hiring on hold
• Paying more to borrow money ^[6]

Real Estate Investments: Property values and interest markets are closely connected through:

• Mortgage rate relationships
• Income payments that work like bonds
• Lower appeal when new bonds yield more ^[6]

Interest Rate Risk Assessment

Different investments react differently to interest rates based on several factors:

Duration Impact: Long-term securities face bigger risks. Your bond’s duration shows how much its price moves when rates change ^[22]. Right now, every 1% rate increase could lead to losses roughly equal to the bond’s duration minus what it yields ^[23].

Maturity Length: Securities that mature:

• Within 5 years show little sensitivity
• Between 5-10 years show moderate sensitivity
• After 10 years show high sensitivity ^[22]

Coupon Rate Effect: Bonds with lower coupon rates are more sensitive to interest rate changes ^[24]. This relationship matters more as rates continue to change throughout 2025.

Protection Strategies

Inflation might settle between 2.5% to 3.0% ^[20]. Here are some ways to protect your investments:

Portfolio Diversification: Balance your portfolio with:

• A mix of short and long-term bonds
• Securities that react differently to interest rates ^[25]

Hedging Solutions: You might want to use:

1. Interest rate swaps to lock in rates
2. Options contracts for rate protection at set levels
3. Forward rate agreements to handle future rate risks ^[1]

Active Management Approach:

• Keep track of duration exposure
• Change holdings based on rate predictions
• Keep enough cash ready ^[3]

Fixed-rate financing works well for conservative investors, especially those using more borrowed money or having limited cash ^[1]. Risk-tolerant investors might prefer floating-rate options, but they should use proper hedging to manage possible downsides.

Federal Reserve policies shape this changing rate environment. Your investment strategy needs to stay flexible. Good planning and careful assessment help your portfolio handle rate changes while working toward long-term financial goals.

Inflation Risk: Protecting Purchasing Power

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A dollar you invest today won’t have the same purchasing power in 2035. My experience as your personal finance guide shows how inflation eats away at investment returns. You need to understand this risk type really well.

Calculating Real Returns

Real returns show your actual investment gains after inflation. Nominal returns might look great on paper, but real returns tell you what you can actually buy ^[8]. Here’s an example:

Let’s say your investment grows by 10% (nominal return), but inflation hits 5% that year. Your real rate of return would be about 4.8%, using this formula:

Real Rate = (1 + Nominal Rate) ÷ (1 + Inflation Rate) – 1 ^[8]

This calculation is vital because inflation and taxes can eat into your returns. A checking account offering 3.0% interest during 5.0% inflation leads to a -2.0% real return ^[8].

Inflation-Protected Securities

Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) give you a unique shield against inflation risk. These government-backed securities come with 5, 10, or 30-year terms ^[26]. TIPS stand out because of how they adjust their principal:

• Principal grows with inflation and shrinks with deflation
• Interest payments change based on the adjusted principal
• You get either the inflation-adjusted or original principal at maturity, whichever is higher ^[26]

TIPS shine in several ways:

1. Long-term inflation protection
2. Portfolio diversification benefits
3. Steady income that keeps pace with living costs ^[27]

TIPS do have their limits. They start with lower interest rates than regular bonds and might lead to higher taxes on increased coupon payments ^[27].

Asset Allocation for Inflation Protection

Building an inflation-resistant portfolio means spreading investments across different types. Market analysis suggests these inflation-fighting assets:

Real Estate Investments Property values usually go up even when inflation rises. Rental income helps too, since landlords can raise rents as inflation climbs ^[10].

Commodities and Precious Metals Gold has long served as an inflation hedge and performs well during price spikes ^[11]. People’s faith in gold’s protective value tends to push its price up in uncertain times.

Equity Investments Stocks adapt to inflation effects over time. Company revenues and dividends usually rise with price levels ^[11]. A balanced stock portfolio should include:

• Companies that can raise prices
• Businesses with strong market positions
• Firms with steady cash flows

Fixed Income Strategy Your bond investments should:

• Limit long-term debt exposure
• Focus on short-term securities
• Include floating interest rate products ^[28]

The secret lies in proper diversification. Recent data shows big institutional investors and insurance companies use TIPS more often to match their long-term needs with inflation-protected assets ^[27].

Watch your portfolio’s real returns regularly to get the best protection. Note that inflation affects investments differently – fixed-income securities might struggle while real estate and certain commodities often do well ^[10]. Smart asset allocation and regular portfolio reviews help preserve your money’s buying power against inflation.

Currency Risk: International Investment Challenges

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Global investing creates exciting chances, but currency fluctuations bring their own challenges. My experience as a personal finance writer shows how exchange rate movements can improve or reduce international investment returns.

Currency Risk Exposure

International investments naturally face exchange rate volatility risks. U.S. investors who buy international developed-market stocks automatically gain exposure to a currency basket. This basket includes roughly 27% euro, 19% Japanese yen, 14% pound sterling, and 12% Canadian dollar ^[12].

Companies at home also face currency risk through:

• International trade transactions
• Foreign supplier relationships
• Overseas competitor dynamics ^[13]

Research shows that currency hedging boosted market valuation by 4.87% for U.S. companies ^[12]. Large swings in exchange rates directly affect earnings, costs, and operating margins of international corporations ^[2].

Hedging Strategies

Forward contracts serve as the main tools to manage currency risk. These agreements let investors:

• Lock in specific exchange rates for future transactions
• Cut down earnings volatility
• Protect future cash flows ^[12]

The market now has three basic hedging instruments:

1. Spot Transactions: Immediate currency exchanges
2. Forward Contracts: Future rate agreements
3. Options: Flexible protection with premium costs ^[12]

Dynamic hedging has become popular. It uses rules-based processes to determine the best hedge timing and amounts ^[29]. Market conditions and quantitative indicators automatically adjust currency exposure ^[29].

Companies doing cross-border operations often use both cash flow and balance sheet hedging ^[12]. The largest longitudinal study of over 6,000 companies in 47 countries showed that foreign exchange hedging associates with lower cash flow volatility and reduced systematic risk ^[12].

When to Accept Currency Risk

Some situations make accepting currency exposure better than hedging:

Portfolio Diversification Benefits: Currency changes might offset losses in other investment areas ^[13]. The U.S. dollar acts as a safe-haven currency and usually strengthens when risky assets fall ^[30].

Cost Considerations: Hedging comes with expenses like:

• Direct transaction costs
• Lost profits from favorable movements
• Premium payments for options-based protection ^[14]

Market Conditions: U.S. investors in 2025 get positive yields from hedging various developed currencies due to different global interest rates ^[30]. All the same, short-term currency movements remain hard to predict ^[9].

The best currency risk management needs evaluation of:

• Your investment timeline
• Cost-benefit analysis of hedging tools
• Portfolio’s total currency exposure levels ^[9]

Note that currency-hedged ETFs help alleviate exchange rate effects while cutting overall portfolio volatility ^[29]. These funds want to isolate local equity returns by minimizing currency fluctuation effects ^[29].

Operational Risk: Company-Level Threats

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A company’s operational strength drives every successful investment. My years of analyzing corporate performance have shown that subtle warning signs often reveal operational risks long before they affect stock prices.

Identifying Red Flags

Company operations show warning signs in many ways. High employee turnover and low staff retention rates, especially with new hires, point to potential internal problems ^[31]. Unexplained changes in costs and expenses also show a worrying lack of control ^[31].

These warning signals need immediate attention:

• Delayed project completion or service delivery
• Frequent equipment breakdowns
• Growing employee dissatisfaction
• Late supplier payments ^[31]

The company’s culture is a vital indicator. Poor or toxic workplace environments threaten business sustainability ^[31]. Staff turnover rates and exit interviews give valuable insights into how employees feel about their work ^[31].

Management Quality Assessment

The quality of management shapes a company’s long-term success. Boards now focus on these vital aspects:

Leadership Dynamics: Operational imbalances often arise when a weak Chief Financial Officer works under a dominant CEO ^[31]. The way board members interact also shows potential problems in how decisions are made.

Financial Oversight: Good management shows:

• Clear decision-making
• Focus on long-term growth
• Open, regular updates about company performance ^[32]

The time executives spend with the company tells an important story. Stable companies often have long-serving executives, like former GE CEO Jack Welch’s 20-year tenure ^[32]. Companies that keep their management team tend to perform better ^[32].

Risk vs Reward Analysis

A complete risk-reward assessment looks at both numbers and human factors. Recent studies show companies that take active part in management decisions find hidden value in private markets ^[33].

Quantitative Indicators:

• Return on equity trends
• Executive turnover rates
• Earnings consistency ^[34]

Qualitative Factors:

• Quality of leadership communication
• How decisions are made
• Long-term strategic vision ^[34]

Cybersecurity has become a major concern in 2025’s digital world. Data breach costs have risen by 23% since 2017, reaching $4.45 million per incident ^[35]. Companies now spend 12% of their technology budgets on cybersecurity, up three percentage points since 2020 ^[35].

Good operational risk management helps protect shareholder value. Studies show that foreign exchange hedging reduces systematic risk in 6,000 companies across 47 countries ^[31]. Understanding these operational threats helps investors make smarter investment choices.

Analysis

Risk Type	Key Definition	How It Affects Business	Key Indicators	Management Strategies
Market Risk	Price changes in financial markets	Directly affects investment returns	Record-high equity valuations, inflation above 2%, 10-year yield at 4.63%	Portfolio diversification, risk budgeting, stop-loss implementation
Credit Risk	Borrowers failing to pay their debts	Lost principal and interest	Falling revenue trends, higher debt-to-equity ratios, poor cash flow	Regular credit rating checks, spreading investments across credit qualities
Liquidity Risk	Problems turning investments into cash	Can’t exit positions without big losses	Lower trading volume, wider bid-ask spreads	Keep emergency fund (3-6 months), balance easy-to-sell and hard-to-sell assets
Interest Rate Risk	How rate changes affect investment value	Opposite effect on bond prices and market worth	Fed rates between 4.25-4.50%, duration sensitivity	Managing duration, mix of short and long-term bonds
Inflation Risk	Money losing its buying power	Lower real returns	Gap between nominal and real returns	TIPS investments, real estate holdings, commodity investments
Currency Risk	Changes in exchange rates	Shifts in foreign investment value	Exchange rate changes, international market exposure	Forward contracts, dynamic hedging, currency-hedged ETFs
Operational Risk	Business management and process risks	Affects company’s performance and stock value	High employee turnover, project delays, equipment problems	Quality management reviews, cybersecurity protection

Overall summary

My career as a personal finance writer has shown that understanding seven investment risks is significant to my clients’ success. Each risk type needs specific attention and management – from market volatility and credit defaults to liquidity challenges. Interest rate changes, inflation pressures, currency fluctuations, and operational problems round out these key risks.

Knowledge leads to action in risk management, which smart investors understand well. My experience shows how a full picture of risks protects investments and creates growth opportunities. The risk management tools at Zyntra.io help you track and respond to investment risks of all types.

Note that successful investing isn’t about avoiding every risk. You need to understand your chosen risks and arrange them with your financial goals. These strategies for each risk type will give you the tools to protect and grow your investment portfolio in 2025 and beyond.

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FAQs

Q1. What are the main types of investment risks beginners should be aware of in 2025? The key investment risks for beginners to understand in 2025 include market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, inflation risk, currency risk, and operational risk. Each of these risks can significantly impact investment returns and should be carefully considered when making investment decisions.

Q2. How can investors protect themselves against inflation risk? To protect against inflation risk, investors can consider strategies such as investing in Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), real estate, commodities, and stocks of companies with pricing power. Diversifying across these inflation-resistant assets can help preserve purchasing power over time.

Q3. What is liquidity risk and how can it be managed? Liquidity risk refers to the difficulty of converting investments into cash quickly without significant loss. To manage this risk, investors should maintain an emergency fund, diversify their portfolio with a mix of liquid and illiquid assets, and develop exit strategies for less liquid investments.

Q4. How does interest rate risk affect different types of investments? Interest rate risk primarily impacts fixed-income securities like bonds, where prices move inversely to interest rates. For stocks, higher rates can lead to reduced business expansions and increased borrowing costs. Real estate investments are also affected due to their reliance on mortgage rates and income payment characteristics similar to bonds.

Q5. What strategies can be used to mitigate currency risk in international investments? To mitigate currency risk in international investments, investors can use hedging strategies such as forward contracts, options, and currency-hedged ETFs. Additionally, maintaining a diversified portfolio across different currencies and considering the cost-benefit analysis of hedging instruments can help manage currency exposure effectively.

References

[1] – https://www.53.com/content/fifth-third/en/financial-insights/business/markets-economy/how-hedging-strategies-manage-interest-rate-risk.html
[2] – https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/12/portfolio-currency-exposure.asp
[3] – https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/supmanual/trading/3000p2.pdf
[4] – https://www.scribbledata.io/blog/a-guide-to-managing-illiquid-assets-in-pension-risk-transfers/
[5] – https://www.finra.org/investors/personal-finance/start-emergency-fund
[6] – https://www.usbank.com/financialiq/invest-your-money/investment-strategies/how-do-interest-rates-affect-investments.html
[7] – https://www.morganstanley.com/articles/how-to-build-an-emergency-fund
[8] – https://www.wallstreetprep.com/knowledge/real-rate-of-return/
[9] – https://www.highradius.com/resources/Blog/currency-hedging/
[10] – https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/081315/9-top-assets-protection-against-inflation.asp
[11] – https://www.ig.com/en/trading-strategies/what-is-inflation-risk-and-how-do-you-mitigate-it–230209
[12] – https://www.usbank.com/financialiq/improve-your-operations/minimize-risk/risk-management-strategies-foreign-exchange-hedging.html
[13] – https://www.finra.org/investors/insights/currency-risk-why-it-matters-you
[14] – https://www.cfainstitute.org/insights/professional-learning/refresher-readings/2025/currency-management-introduction
[15] – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidity.asp
[16] – https://www.sharesight.com/blog/what-does-liquidity-mean/
[17] – https://www.lyonswealth.com/blog-details/which-investments-has-the-least-liquidity.html
[18] – https://pitchbook.com/blog/exit-strategies-for-limited-partners
[19] – https://microventures.com/navigating-exit-strategies
[20] – https://www.usbank.com/investing/financial-perspectives/market-news/how-do-rising-interest-rates-affect-the-stock-market.html
[21] – https://www.getsmarteraboutmoney.ca/learning-path/understanding-risk/how-interest-rates-affect-your-investments/
[22] – https://personal.vanguard.com/us/content/MyPortfolio/analytics/pwLMIntRateSensitDetailsContent.jsp
[23] – https://www.morningstar.ca/ca/news/185442/how-to-stress-test-a-portfolios-interest-rate-sensitivity.aspx
[24] – https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/fixed-income/interest-rate-sensitivity/
[25] – https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/risk-management/interest-rate-risk/
[26] – https://www.treasurydirect.gov/marketable-securities/tips/
[27] – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tips.asp
[28] – https://www.fincart.com/blog/inflation-risk/
[29] – https://www.wisdomtree.com/investments/strategies/currency-hedging
[30] – https://russellinvestments.com/us/blog/do-not-ignore-currency-exposures
[31] – https://www.thecorporategovernanceinstitute.com/insights/guides/what-are-red-flags/?srsltid=AfmBOoq3wkQ3nYbziNV23-mx4jN7MLcHGLbNJT_F3DD6GHUrzVF7E9-G
[32] – https://www.investopedia.com/articles/02/062602.asp
[33] – https://www.mandg.com/investments/professional-investor/en-ch/insights/ampersand-curated-by-m-g-investments/evaluating-risk-and-reward-in-an-ever-changing-world
[34] – https://site.financialmodelingprep.com/education/financial-analysis/Evaluating-Management-Quality-in-Fundamental-Analysis
[35] – https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/nam/en/insights/markets-and-investing/ideas-and-insights/how-to-invest-in-a-world-of-increasing-security-risks

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